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Title : How Do Our Brains Process Images—Decoding or Prediction?
link : How Do Our Brains Process Images—Decoding or Prediction?

How Do Our Brains Process Images—Decoding or Prediction?

For a long time, scientists believed that images were decoded in a bottom-up process.

It was thought that the image arrived on the retina and was sorted out in stages, starting with edges and shapes that were then assembled into recognizable objects, faces, or symbols by specialized areas of the brain.

You may recognize what this image represents just from the top of the picture; you may even guess who painted it.

Detail of portrait by John Singer Sargent

The alternate way of understanding visual perception is the top-down predictive model. This idea suggests that the brain contains a stockpile of representations of reality that it imposes on what you see. You don't really see reality directly; you see your brain's prediction of what's in front of you. 

According to neuroscientist Andy Clark, "the brain is essentially a prediction machine." 

Most scientists agree that these two systems interact at various stages. Bottom-up constructive image processing meets top-down prediction throughout the hierarchy of image decoding from the most basic to the most sophisticated. 

This process moves like greased lightning until you run across an error or an ambiguity.

Optical illusions present anomalies, where the bottom-up construction comes into conflict with the top down prediction. Sometimes this conflict happens at basic levels of processing, creating illusory movement that your brain can't ignore.

 This skull illusion creates an ambiguity of interpretation at a higher level of interpretation. 

Andy Clark suggests that human brains are not in the business of decoding images, they're in the business of predicting images.

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